When dads are feeling a bit depressed or anxious, how do kids fare?
Many parents experience stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms throughout their lives, particularly during times of transition, such as pregnancy and children鈥檚 entry into school. Studies have generally found that high levels of anxiety and depression in parents are linked to poorer behavioural and cognitive outcomes in children.
A team of researchers led by Tina Montreuil, Associate Professor in 海角社区鈥檚 Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology and Scientist in the at the Research Institute of the 海角社区 Health Centre (RI-MUHC), has found that slightly higher, but mild anxious or depressive symptoms in fathers were associated with fewer behavioural difficulties in the first years of elementary school and better scores on a standardized IQ test in their children. Their findings are published in .
鈥淥ur study shows that both mothers' and fathers鈥� well-being are important to promote the cognitive-behavioural development of their children, and that they are potentially complementary,鈥� says Prof. Montreuil.
Linking fathers鈥� mental health to children鈥檚 development
While the role of mothers鈥� stress, anxiety and depression on children鈥檚 behavioural and cognitive development is well established, less is known about the connection between fathers鈥� mental health and children鈥檚 development.
The team of researchers examined if paternal anxiety and depressive symptoms, measured during their partner鈥檚 pregnancy, and again six to eight years later, are associated with children鈥檚 cognitive function and behaviour. They studied this association in a community sample, where parental levels of self-reported anxious and depressive symptoms were variable and typically less severe than among a clinically diagnosed population.
The first assessments, made during pregnancy and in infancy, included parental mental health and psychosocial measures, such as the parents鈥� highest level of education, relationship satisfaction, and parenting perceptions. The ancillary study investigation was conducted at the critical age of six to eight years, when children are in the early elementary school years and expected to make increased use of their behavioural and cognitive skills.
鈥淥ur findings show that fathers鈥� reported symptoms of anxiety and/or depression were not associated with worse behavioural and cognitive outcomes in their children, as previously found in other studies,鈥� says Sherri Lee Jones, first author of the study and Research Associate at Douglas Research Centre who was a Postdoctoral Fellow and Research Associate at the RI-MUHC during the study.
More specifically, the researchers found that slightly higher levels of depressive symptoms reported by fathers when their partner was pregnant were associated with fewer behavioural and emotional difficulties in their child at about six to eight years of age. This included children being able to sit still for long periods of time, infrequently losing their temper and having a good attention span, as reported by parents in questionnaires. In contrast, higher symptoms of anxiety and depression among mothers were associated with poorer childhood behavioural outcomes, both at birth and during middle childhood.
At the childhood assessment, slightly higher but still mild paternal anxious and depressive symptoms were both associated with slightly higher scores of cognitive functions in the 6鈥�8 year old children. This was also in contrast to the patterns found among mothers.
Understanding parental influence
The researchers point out that their findings may not be generalizable to parents who are experiencing clinical levels of depression and anxiety, and that none of the factors they examined could explain the associations between the father鈥檚 mental health symptoms and the child鈥檚 outcomes.
鈥淢ore studies are needed to understand the respective roles and the combined contribution of parents in child development,鈥� says Prof. Montreuil. 鈥淥ur findings, like others, point to the importance of coaching individuals transitioning into parenthood. They also highlight the importance of parental attunement. This term refers to the parent鈥檚 ability to respond adaptively to their child signals, by attentively adjusting their response to the child鈥檚 needs, in a given situation.鈥�
鈥淪ince greater parental attunement is associated to child cognitive and social competencies, one potential explanation is that the fathers in our study sample may have shown greater attunement to their child to 鈥榗ompensate鈥� for environmental risk factors, such as maternal depressive or anxiety symptoms, or others known predictors,鈥� adds Prof. Montreuil.
About the study
鈥溾�� by Sherri Lee Jones, Tina Montreuil and al. was published in Frontiers in Psychology.
